Coffee is linked to an increased risk of anxiety. Here’s how to cope
By Hannah Singleton
Brian Byrne, a tour manager in Los Angeles, was sipping an iced coffee a few years ago when he started feeling clammy. Soon, his symptoms worsened: shallow breathing, a hollow feeling in his chest and a rapid, thumping heartbeat. He went outside to get air. “At that point, I was having racing thoughts, feeling like I was having a heart attack,” he said.
This wasn’t the first time Byrne experienced a caffeine-fuelled panic attack, but it was the most intense. “Drinking that coffee felt like I poured gasoline on a fire that was already smouldering,” he said. For a year after, he didn’t touch the stuff and didn’t have another serious episode.
Some people experience the effects of caffeine more than others.Credit: Getty Images
Many people can relate to Byrne’s caffeine-related anxiety. While researchers can’t definitively say that caffeine makes you anxious, it’s linked to increased risk of anxiety among people with and without psychiatric diagnoses.
Why caffeine might make you anxious
Caffeine is a stimulant that affects the sympathetic nervous system – the part of the body responsible for your fight-or-flight response. When it’s activated, your heart rate rises and blood pressure goes up, your muscles tense, and you may start sweating.
But caffeine isn’t the only thing that arouses the nervous system. Any adrenaline-pumping activity – like exercising or riding a roller coaster – can stimulate a response.
When you’re working out or on a ride, those sensations aren’t a surprise. But the incongruity of sitting quietly at your desk while your heart is pounding, the way it might if you’ve just had some caffeine, can make some people experience that arousal as anxiety, says Joseph Trunzo, a deputy director of the School of Health and Behavioural Sciences at Bryant University in Rhode Island. On top of that, if you subconsciously label these symptoms as anxiety, you might reinforce the effect.
Other factors can come into play, too. Caffeine acts against the brain chemical adenosine, which slows the heart rate and promotes drowsiness and relaxation. “When we ingest caffeine and it blocks those receptors, adenosine can’t do its job,” Trunzo says. Some scientists have speculated that the blocking of adenosine receptors might contribute to increased anxiety.
Caffeine can also disrupt sleep, particularly deep sleep, which helps keep anxiety at bay, says Dr Sheenie Ambardar, a physician specialising in adult psychiatry. Even slight disruptions in your sleep can increase anxiety levels the next day.
Caffeine affects everyone differently. If even a small amount of caffeine makes you anxious, you might have a certain genetic variant that influences how you metabolise caffeine, says Lina Begdache, a dietitian and associate professor of health and wellness studies at the State University of New York at Binghamton. In this case, you will process the caffeine more slowly, so it stays in the system longer and accumulates, potentially causing a more pronounced effect.
Managing anxiety in the moment
There’s no way to flush caffeine through your system quickly, but you can take steps to manage the anxiety if it strikes. Exercise may help distract you and reduce short-term symptoms.
You could also take a less physical approach: sitting with and acknowledging the sensations, instead of trying to fight them, says Avigail Lev, a licensed clinical psychologist in San Francisco. She suggests asking yourself questions like: Where in the body am I feeling this most intensely? Does it have a size or colour? When you recognise that you can live with the feelings and are not in danger, they become much less debilitating.
Changing your relationship with caffeine
If you think your morning latte is making your heart race and palms sweat, there are ways to assess your intake.
Keep a log
“I always encourage my patients to gather data,” says Ambardar, who suggested writing down how much caffeine you drink and how you feel for a month.
Consider tapering
“The best way to find out what role the substance plays in your life is to stop using it and see what happens,” Trunzo says.
A few years ago, Ambardar had a patient who was dealing with severe anxiety. He had a high-pressure job and was drinking caffeine around the clock. Over several weeks, he reduced his intake and felt much more at ease. “He was really surprised and said, if he had known that this was the cause, he would have cut it back much sooner,” she recalls.
You don’t need to go cold turkey, either. Instead, cut back slowly. If you drink four cups of coffee a day, “start really small, like 3 1/2 cups of coffee, then half a cup of decaf,” Ambardar says. After two weeks, you could drop to three cups, and continue that pattern.
Make other lifestyle changes
When you reduce your overall anxiety, you’ll be less susceptible to the effects of caffeine, Begdache says. During the year that Byrne, the tour manager, quit coffee, he started therapy and daily exercise. He now has added caffeine back in moderation.
You can also take steps to improve your energy so you’re less reliant on caffeine, Begdache says. “It’s really a combination of factors that help you feel more energetic,” she explains. So, prioritise sleeping and exercising, staying hydrated and eating a healthy diet. With these changes, you might find that your latte is a pleasant boost instead of a source of anxiety.
The New York Times
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